(Prefatory Note: Posted here is a Joint Declaration of international law experts from around the world who are listed below as endorsers. I am among the endorsers, and the text was initially drafted by several international law scholars. We welcome additional signatures that can be sent to me in the comments section, with affiliation noted for identification, and names will be periodically added to the text. I view this as an important expression of professional judgment and individual conscience relating to Israeli behavior in Gaza commencing on 8 July that has already taken so many innocent lives and caused such widespread devastation. Please join us and spread the word!)
The International Community Must End Israel’s Collective Punishment of the Civilian Population in the Gaza Strip
As international and criminal law scholars, human rights defenders, legal experts and individuals who firmly believe in the rule of law and in the necessity for its respect in times of peace and more so in times of war, we feel the intellectual and moral duty to denounce the grave violations, mystification and disrespect of the most basic principles of the laws of armed conflict and of the fundamental human rights of the entire Palestinian population committed during the ongoing Israeli offensive on the Gaza Strip. We also condemn the launch of rockets from the Gaza Strip, as every indiscriminate attack against civilians, regardless of the identity of the perpetrators, is not only illegal under international law but also morally intolerable. However, as also implicitly noted by the UN Human Rights Council in its Resolution of the 23th July 2014, the two parties to the conflict cannot be considered equal, and their actions – once again – appear to be of incomparable magnitude.
Once again it is the unarmed civilian population, the ‘protected persons’ under International humanitarian law (IHL), who is in the eye of the storm. Gaza’s civilian population has been victimized in the name of a falsely construed right to self-defence, in the midst of an escalation of violence provoked in the face of the entire international community. The so-called Operation Protective Edge erupted during an ongoing armed conflict, in the context of a prolonged belligerent occupation that commenced in 1967. In the course of this ongoing conflict thousands of Palestinians have been killed and injured in the Gaza Strip during recurrent and ostensible ‘ceasefire’ periods since 2005, after Israel’s unilateral ‘disengagement’ from the Gaza Strip. The deaths caused by Israel’s provocative actions in the Gaza Strip prior to the latest escalation of hostilities must not be ignored as well.
According to UN sources, over the last two weeks, nearly 800 Palestinians in Gaza have been killed and more than 4,000 injured, of whom the vast majority were civilians. Several independent sources indicate that only 15 per cent of the casualties were combatants. Entire families have been murdered. Hospitals, clinics, as well as a rehabilitation centre for disabled persons have been targeted and severely damaged. During one single day, on Sunday 20th July, more than 100 Palestinian civilians were killed in Shuga’iya, a residential neighbourhood of Gaza City. This was one of the bloodiest and most aggressive operations ever conducted by Israel in the Gaza Strip, a form of urban violence constituting a total disrespect of civilian innocence. Sadly, this was followed only a couple of days later by an equally destructive attack on Khuza’a, East of Khan Younis.
Additionally, the offensive has already caused widespread destruction of buildings and infrastructure: according to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, over 3,300 houses have been targeted resulting in their destruction or severe damage.
As denounced by the UN Fact-Finding Mission (FFM) on the Gaza conflict in the aftermath of Israel’s ‘Operation Cast Lead’ in 2008-2009: “While the Israeli Government has sought to portray its operations as essentially a response to rocket attacks in the exercise of its right to self defence, the Mission considers the plan to have been directed, at least in part, at a different target: The people of Gaza as a whole” (A/HRC/12/48, par. 1680). The same can be said for the current Israeli offensive.
The civilian population in the Gaza Strip is under direct attack and many are forced to leave their homes. What was already a refugee and humanitarian crisis has worsened with a new wave of mass displacement of civilians: the number of IDPs has reached nearly 150,000, many of whom have obtained shelter in overcrowded UNRWA schools, which unfortunately are no safe areas as demonstrated by the repeated attacks on the UNRWA school in Beit Hanoun. Everyone in Gaza is traumatized and living in a state of constant terror. This result is intentional, as Israel is again relying on the ‘Dahiya doctrine’, which deliberately has recourse to disproportionate force to inflict suffering on the civilian population in order to achieve political (to exert pressure on the Hamas Government) rather than military goals.
In so doing, Israel is repeatedly and flagrantly violating the law of armed conflict, which establishes that combatants and military objectives may be targeted, i.e. ‘those objects which by their nature, location, purpose or use make an effective contribution to military action and whose total or partial destruction, capture or neutralization, in the circumstances ruling at the time, offers a definite military advantage.’ Most of the recent heavy bombings in Gaza lack an acceptable military justification and, instead, appear to be designed to terrorize the civilian population. As the ICRC clarifies, deliberately causing terror is unequivocally illegal under customary international law.
In its Advisory Opinion in the Nuclear Weapons case, the ICJ stated that the principle of distinction, which requires belligerent States to distinguish between civilian and combatants, is one of the “cardinal principles” of international humanitarian law and one of the “intransgressible principles of international customary law”.
The principle of distinction is codified in Articles 48, 51(2) and 52(2) of the Additional Protocol I of 1977 to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, to which no reservations have been made. According to Additional Protocol I, “attacks” refer to “acts of violence against the adversary, whether in offence or in defence” (Article 49). Under both customary international law and treaty law, the prohibition on directing attacks against the civilian population or civilian objects is absolute. There is no discretion available to invoke military necessity as a justification.
Contrary to Israel’s claims, mistakes resulting in civilian casualties cannot be justified: in case of doubt as to the nature of the target, the law clearly establishes that an object which is normally dedicated to civilian purposes (such as schools, houses, places of worship and medical facilities), are presumed as not being used for military purposes. During these past weeks, UN officials and representatives have repeatedly called on Israel to strictly abide by the principle of precaution in carrying out attacks in the Gaza Strip, where risks are greatly aggravated by the very high population density, and maximum restraint must be exercised to avoid civilian casualties. HRW has noted that these rules exist to minimize mistakes “when such mistakes are repeated, it raises the concern of whether the rules are being disregarded.”
Moreover, even when targeting clear military objectives, Israel consistently violates the principle of proportionality: this is particularly evident with regard to the hundreds of civilian houses destroyed by the Israeli army during the current military operation in Gaza. With the declared intention to target a single member of Hamas, Israeli forces have bombed and destroyed houses although occupied as residencies by dozens of civilians, including women, children, and entire families.
It is inherently illegal under customary international law to intentionally target civilian objects, and the violation of such a fundamental tenet of law can amount to a war crime. Issuing a ‘warning’ – such as Israel’s so-called roof knocking technique, or sending an SMS five minutes before the attack – does not mitigate this: it remains illegal to wilfully attack a civilian home without a demonstration of military necessity as it amounts to a violation of the principle of proportionality. Moreover, not only are these ‘warnings’ generally ineffective, and can even result in further fatalities, they appear to be a pre-fabricated excuse by Israel to portray people who remain in their homes as ‘human shields’.
The indiscriminate and disproportionate attacks, the targeting of objectives providing no effective military advantage, and the intentional targeting of civilians and civilian houses have been persistent features of Israel’s long-standing policy of punishing the entire population of the Gaza Strip, which, for over seven years, has been virtually imprisoned by Israeli imposed closure. Such a regime amounts to a form of collective punishment, which violates the unconditional prohibition set forth in Article 33 of the Fourth Geneva Convention and has been internationally condemned for its illegality. However, far from being effectively opposed international actors, Israel’s illegal policy of absolute closure imposed on the Gaza Strip has relentlessly continued, under the complicit gaze of the international community of States.
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As affirmed in 2009 by the UN Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict: “Justice and respect for the rule of law are the indispensable basis for peace. The prolonged situation has created a justice crisis in the Occupied Palestinian Territory that warrants action” (A/HRC/12/48, para. 1958) Indeed: “long-standing impunity has been a key factor in the perpetuation of violence in the region and in the reoccurrence of violations, as well as in the erosion of confidence among Palestinians and many Israelis concerning prospects for justice and a peaceful solution to the conflict”. (A/HRC/12/48, para. 1964)
Therefore,
- We welcome the Resolution adopted on 23 July 2014 by the UN Human Rights Council, in which an independent, international commission of inquiry was established to investigate all violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.
- We call upon the United Nations, the Arab League, the European Union, individual States, in particular the United States of America, and the international community in its entirety and with its collective power to take action in the spirit of the utmost urgency to put an end to the escalation of violence against the civilian population of the Gaza Strip, and to activate procedures to hold accountable all those responsible for violations of international law, including political leaders and military commanders. In particular:
- All regional and international actors should support the immediate conclusion of a durable, comprehensive, and mutually agreed ceasefire agreement, which must secure the rapid facilitation and access of humanitarian aid and the opening of borders to and from Gaza;
- All High Contracting Parties to the Geneva Conventions must be urgently and unconditionally called upon to comply with their fundamental obligations, binding at all times, and to act under common Article 1, to take all measures necessary for the suppression of grave breaches, as clearly imposed by Article 146 and Article 147 of the Fourth Geneva Convention; these rules are applicable by all interested parties as well;
- Moreover, we denounce the shameful political pressures exerted by several UN Member States and the UN on President Mahmoud Abbas, to discourage recourse to the International Criminal Court (ICC), and we urge the Governmental leaders of Palestine to invoke the jurisdiction of the ICC, by ratifying the ICC treaty and in the interim by resubmitting the declaration under Article 12(3) of the Rome Statute, in order to investigate and prosecute the serious international crimes committed on the Palestinian territory by all parties to the conflict; and
- The UN Security Council must finally exercise its responsibilities in relation to peace and justice by referring the situation in Palestine to the Prosecutor of the ICC.
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Please note that institutional affiliations are for identification purposes only.
- John Dugard, Former UN Special Rapporteur on human rights situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory
- Richard Falk, Former UN Special Rapporteur on human rights situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory
- Alain Pellet, Professor of Public International Law, University Paris Ouest, former Member of the United Nations International Law Commission, France
- Georges Abi-Saab, Emeritus Professor of International Law, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Former Judge on the ICTY
- Vera Gowlland-Debbas, Emeritus Professor of International Law, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland
- Chantal Meloni, Adjunct Professor of International Criminal Law, University of Milan, Italy (Rapporteur, Joint Declaration)
- Roy Abbott, Consultant in International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law, Australia
- Lama Abu-Odeh, Law Professor, Georgetown University Law Center, USA
- Susan M. Akram, Clinical Professor and supervising attorney, International Human rights Program, Boston University School of Law, USA
- Taris Ahmad, Solicitor at Jones Day, London, UK
- Maria Anagnostaki, PhD candidate, Law School University of Athens, Greece
- Antony Anghie, Professor of Law, University of Utah, USA
- Nizar Ayoub, Director, Al-Marsad, Arab Human Rights Centre in Golan Heights
- Valentina Azarov, Lecturer in Human Rights and International Law, Al Quds Bard College, Palestine
- Ammar Bajboj, Lecturer in Law, University of Damascus, Syria
- Samia Bano, SOAS School of Law, London, UK
- Asli Ü Bali, Professor of Law, UCLA School of Law, USA
- Jakub Michał Baranowski, Phd Candidate, Universita’ degli Studi Roma Tre, Italy
- Frank Barat, Russell Tribunal on Palestine
- Emma Bell, Coordinator of the European Group for the Study of Deviance and Social Control, Université de Savoie, France
- Barbara Giovanna Bello, Post-doc Fellow, University of Milan, Italy
- Brenna Bhandar, Senior lecturer in Law, SOAS School of Law, London, UK
- George Bisharat, Professor of Law, UC Hastings College of Law, USA
- Barbara Blok, LLM Candidate, University of Essex, UK
- John Braithwaite, Professor of Criminology, Australian National University, Australia
- Michelle Burgis-Kasthala, lecturer in international law, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Eddie Bruce-Jones, Lecturer in Law, University of London, Birkbeck College, UK
- Sandy Camlann, LLM Candidate, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, France
- Grazia Careccia, Human Rights Advocate, London, UK
- Baris Cayli, Impact Fellow, University of Stirling, UK
- Antonio Cavaliere, Professor of Criminal Law, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Kathleen Cavanaugh, Senior Lecturer, Irish Center for Human Rights, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Elizabeth Chadwick, Reader in International Law, Nottingham, UK
- Donna R. Cline, Attorney at Law, USA
- Karen Corteen, Senior Lecturer in Criminology, University of Chester, UK
- Andrew Dahdal, Lecturer, Faculty of Business and Economics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Teresa Dagenhardt, Reader in Criminology, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Luigi Daniele, PhD candidate in Law, Italy
- Alessandro De Giorgi, Professor of Justice Studies, San Josè State University, USA
- Paul de Waart, Professor Emeritus of International Law, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Gabriele della Morte, Senior Lecturer in International Law, University Cattolica, Milan, Italy
- Max du Plessis, Professor of Law, University of Kwazulu-Natal, and Barrister, South Africa and London, UK
- Noura Erakat, Georgetown University, USA
- Mohammad Fadel, Associate Professor of Law, University of Toronto Faculty of Law, Canada
- Mireille Fanon-Mendés France, Independent Expert UNO, Frantz Fanon Foundation, France
- Michelle Farrell, lecturer in law, School of Law and Social Justice, University of Liverpool, UK
- Daniel Feierstein, Professor and President International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS), Argentina
- Eleonor Fernández Muñoz, Costa Rica
- Tenny Fernando, Attorney at Law, Sri Lanka
- Amelia Festa, LLM Candidate, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
- Katherine Franke, Professor of Law, Columbia Law School, USA
- Jacques Gaillot, Bishop in partibus of Patenia
- Katherine Gallagher, Vice President FIDH, senior attorney, Centre for Constitutional Rights (CCR), New York, USA
- Avo Sevag Garabet, LLM, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
- Jose Garcia Anon, Professor of Law, Human Rights Institute, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Irene Gasparini, PhD candidate, Universitá Cattolica, Milan, Italy
- Stratos Georgoulas, Assistant Professor, University of the Aegean, Greece
- Haluk Gerger, Professor, Turkey
- Hedda Giersten, Professor, Universitet I Oslo, Norway
- Javier Giraldo, Director Banco de Datos CINEP, Colombia
- Carmen G. Gonzales, Professor of Law, Seattle University School of Law, USA
- Penny Green, Professor of Law and Criminology, Director of the State Crime Initiative, King’s College London, UK
- Katy Hayward, Senior Lecturer in Sociology, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Andrew Henley, PhD candidate, Keele University, UK
- Christiane Hessel, Paris, France
- Paddy Hillyard, Professor Emeritus, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Ata Hindi, Institute of Law, Birzeit University, Palestine
- Francois Houtart, Professor, National Institute of Higher Studies, Quito, Ecuador
- Deena R. Hurwitz, Professor, General Faculty, Director International Human Rights Law Clinic, University of Virginia School of Law, USA
- Perfecto Andrés Ibánes, Magistrado Tribunal Supremo de Espagna, Spain
- Franco Ippolito, President of the Permanent People’s Tribunal, Italy
- Ruth Jamieson, Honorary Lecturer, School of Law, Queen’s University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Helen Jarvis, former member Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), member of IAGS, Cambodia
- Ioannis Kalpouzos, Lecturer in Law, City Law School, London, UK
- Victor Kattan, post-doctoral fellow, Law Faculty, National University of Singapore
- Michael Kearney, PhD, Lecturer in Law, University of Sussex, UK
- Yousuf Syed Khan, USA
- Tarik Kochi, Senior Lecturer in Law, School of Law, Politics and Sociology, University of Sussex, UK
- Anna Koppel, MSt Candidate in International Human Rights Law, University of Oxford, UK
- Karim Lahidji, President of the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) and lawyer
- Giulia Lanza, PhD Candidate, Università degli Studi di Verona, Italy
- Daniel Machover, solicitor, Hickman & Rose, London, UK
- Tayyab Mahmud, Professor of Law, Director of the Centre for Global Justice, Seattle University School of Law, USA
- Maria C. LaHood, Senior Staff Attorney, CCR, New York, USA
- Louise Mallinder, Reader in Human Rights and International Law, University of Ulster, UK
- Triestino Mariniello, Lecturer in International Criminal Law, Edge Hill University, UK
- Mazen Masri, Lecturer in Law, The City Law School, City University, London, UK
- Siobhan McAlister, School of Sociology, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Liam McCann, Principal Lecturer in Criminology, University of Lincoln, UK
- Jude McCulloch, Professor of Criminology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Yvonne McDermott Rees, Lecturer in Law, University of Bangor, UK
- Cahal McLaughlin, Professor, School of Creative Arts, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Araks Melkonyan, LLM Candidate, University of Essex, UK
- Antonio Menna, PhD Candidate, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy
- Naomi Mezey, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, USA
- Michele Miravalle, PhD candidate, University of Torino, Italy
- Sergio Moccia, Professor of Criminal Law, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Kerry Moore, Lecturer, Cardiff University
- Giuseppe Mosconi, Professor of Sociology, University of Padova, Italy
- Usha Natarajan, Assistant Professor, Department of Law & Centre for Migration and Refugee Studies, The American University in Cairo, Egypt
- Miren Odriozola Gurrutxaga, PhD Candidate, University of the Basque Country, Donostia – San Sebastián, Spain
- Georgios Papanicolaou, Reader in Criminology, Teesside University, UK
- Marco Pertile, Senior Lecturer in International Law,
Faculty of Law, University of Trento, Italy - Andreas Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, Professor of Law and Theory, LLM, The Westminster Law and Theory Centre, UK
- Antoni Pigrau Solé, Universitat Rovira i Virgili de Tarragona, Spain
- Joseph Powderly, Assistant Professor of Public International Law, Leiden University, The Netherlands
- Tony Platt, Visiting Professor of Justice Studies, San Jose State University, USA
- Scott Poynting, Professor in Criminology, University of Auckland, New Zeeland
- Chris Powell, Professor of Criminology, University S.Maine, USA
- Bill Quigley, Professor, Loyola University, New Orleans College of Law, USA
- John Quigley, Professor of Law, Ohio State University
- Zouhair Racheha, PhD Candidate, University Jean Moulin Lyon 3, France
- Laura Raymond, International Human Rights Advocacy Program Manager, CCR, New York, USA
- Véronique Rocheleau-Brosseau, LLM candidate, Laval University, Canada
- David Rodríguez Goyes, Lecturer, Antonio Nariño and Santo Tomás Universities, Colombia
- Alessandro Rosanò, PhD Candidate, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy
- Jamil Salem, Director Institute of Law, Birzeit University, Palestine
- Mahmood Salimi, LLM Candidate, Moofid University, Iran
- Nahed Samour, doctoral fellow, Humboldt University, Faculty of Law, Berlin, Germany
- Iain GM Scobbie, Professor of Public International Law, University of Manchester, UK
- David Scott, Senior Lecturer in Criminology, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
- Phil Scraton, Professor of Criminology, Belfast, Ireland
- Rachel Seoighe, PhD Candidate, Legal Consultant, King’s College London, UK
- Tanya Serisier, School of Sociology, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Mohammad Shahabuddin, PdD, Visiting researcher, Graduate School of International Social Sciences, Yokohama National University, Japan
- Dean Spade, Seattle University School of Law, USA
- Per Stadig, lawyer, Sweden
- Chantal Thomas, Professor of Law, Cornell University, USA
- Kendall Thomas, Nash Professor of Law, Columbia University, USA
- Gianni Tognoni, Lelio Basso Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Steve Tombs, Professor of Criminology, The Open University, UK
- Paul Troop, Barrister, Garden Court Chambers, UK
- Valeria Verdolini, Reader in Sociology, University of Milan, Italy
- Francesca Vianello, University of Padova, Italy
- Aimilia Voulvouli, Assistant Professor of Sociology, Fatih University, Turkey
- Namita Wahi, Fellow, Centre for Policy Research, Dharma Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, India
- Sharon Weill, PhD, Science Po, Paris/ CERAH, Geneva, Switzerland
- Peter Weiss, Vice President of Centre for Constitutional Rights (CCR), New York, USA
- David Whyte, Reader in Sociology, University of Liverpool, UK
- Jeanne M. Woods, Henry F. Bonura, Jr. Distinguished Professor of Law, Loyola University College of Law, New Orleans, USA
- William Thomas Worster, Lecturer, International Law, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands
- Maung Zarni, Judge, PPT on Sri Lanka and Visiting Fellow, London School of Economics and Political Science
